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社区综合病房脑梗死后遗症期患者的康复管理
({{custom_author.role_cn}}), {{javascript:window.custom_author_cn_index++;}}Rehabilitation management of patients with sequelae of cerebral infarction in the community comprehensive ward
({{custom_author.role_en}}), {{javascript:window.custom_author_en_index++;}}脑梗死后遗症是老年人群的常见病之一，社区康复管理及治疗非常重要，可提高患者的生活质量、延缓疾病进展等。本文概要介绍脑梗死后遗症的社区康复管理。
Sequelae of cerebral infarction is one of the common diseases in the elderly population, community rehabilitation management and treatment is very important to improve the quality of life of the patients and slows the progression of the disease. This paper briefly introduces the community rehabilitation management of sequelae of cerebral infarction.
脑梗死 / 后遗症 / 社区康复 {{custom_keyword}} /
cerebral infarction / sequela / community rehabilitation {{custom_keyword}} /
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Epidemiological evidence suggests that the incidence of ischaemic stroke in young adults (18-50 years) has increased substantially. These patients have a long life expectancy after stroke, and the costs of long-term care pose huge challenges to health-care systems. Although the current recommendations for treatment of young and old (>50 years) patients with stroke are similar, the optimal management of young adult patients with stroke is unknown. They are usually not included in trials, and specific subanalyses limited to young adult patients with stroke are usually not done, owing to lower incidence of stroke and lower prevalence of vascular risk factors in young adults. Progress has been made in identifying patients with a considerable risk of stroke occurrence, such as those with patent foramen ovale. Future prevention studies might result in a decrease in the incidence of stroke and its sequelae in young adults. The development of guidelines specifically devoted to the management of stroke in young adults will be an important step in achieving this aim.Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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With over 2 million new cases annually, stroke is associated with the highest disability-adjusted life-years lost of any disease in China. The burden is expected to increase further as a result of population ageing, an ongoing high prevalence of risk factors (eg, hypertension), and inadequate management. Despite improved access to overall health services, the availability of specialist stroke care is variable across the country, and especially uneven in rural areas. In-hospital outcomes have improved because of a greater availability of reperfusion therapies and supportive care, but adherence to secondary prevention strategies and long-term care are inadequate. Thrombolysis and stroke units are accepted as standards of care across the world, including in China, but bleeding-risk concerns and organisational challenges hamper widespread adoption of this care in China. Despite little supporting evidence, Chinese herbal products and neuroprotective drugs are widely used, and the increased availability of neuroimaging techniques also results in overdiagnosis and overtreatment of so-called silent stroke. Future efforts should focus on providing more balanced availability of specialised stroke services across the country, enhancing evidence-based practice, and encouraging greater translational research to improve outcome of patients with stroke.Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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China bears the biggest stroke burden in the world. However, little is known about the current prevalence, incidence, and mortality of stroke at the national level, and the trend in the past 30 years.
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马秀君, 夏擎世, 张胜冰, 等. 浦东新区远郊社区卫生服务中心综合病房住院患者疾病构成情况分析[J]. 中国全科医学, 2021, 24(4): 473-479.
背景 随着社区卫生服务中心的功能定位由原来的医疗为主转变为“六位一体”综合健康服务，社区原有的内科、外科、妇产科等专科病房也转变成了综合病房。了解社区综合病房住院患者的疾病构成情况，对于基层医疗卫生机构准确把握服务对象健康需求、制订疾病防治策略有重要意义。目的 了解浦东新区远郊社区综合病房住院患者的疾病构成情况，为实施针对性的疾病防治措施、开展医护人员专业培训提供参考依据。方法 采用回顾性分析，对浦东新区所有远郊社区卫生服务中心综合病房2015—2017年出院患者的性别、年龄、第一诊断等资料进行分析，这些信息均从“上海市医疗机构病案统计管理系统”导出。结果 2015—2017年，浦东新区远郊社区综合病房出院患者共49 352人次，女27 294人次（55.30%），男22 058人次（44.70%）；≥80岁者占42.59%（21 019/49 352）；系统疾病排前3位的依次为呼吸系统疾病（40.95%，20 208/49 352）、循环系统疾病（32.46%，16 021/49 352）、消化系统疾病（7.32%，3 611/49 352）；前3位系统疾病的月分布显示，呼吸系统疾病1月份出院人次占比最高（13.94%，2 816/20 208）、循环系统疾病3月份占比最高（9.53%，1 527/16 021）、消化系统疾病8月份占比最高（12.21%，441/3 611）；单病种排前3位的依次为脑梗死后遗症（12.90%，6 366/49 352）、慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）伴急性下呼吸道感染（12.65%，6 244/49 352）、急性支气管炎（9.44%，4 658/49 352）；男性单病种首位是COPD伴急性下呼吸道感染（17.75%，3 915/22 058），女性单病种首位是脑梗死后遗症（13.37%，3 649/27 294）。结论 远郊社区卫生服务中心综合病房以老年慢性病患者为主，发病高峰与季节有关；脑梗死、COPD的防控压力较大。远郊社区卫生服务中心的全科医生作为诊疗服务的主体，应根据患者年龄、疾病谱、发病高峰等特点，结合社区实际制订疾病防治策略，完善以需求为导向的社区健康服务；同时，针对社区高发病种，加强相关理论知识及操作技能培训，提高全科医生及社区护理人员的健康服务综合能力。
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目的 分析国内外脑卒中康复临床实践指南的推荐意见内容,为脑卒中康复临床实践指南的制订和使用人员提供参考和建议。方法 系统检索PubMed、EMBASE、中国知网(CNKI)、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、万方数据库及指南相关网站,时间为从建库之日起至2020年1月,搜集国内外脑卒中康复临床实践指南,参照世界卫生组织指南制订手册(第二版)的流程,对国内外脑卒中康复临床实践指南主要关注的康复内容、推荐意见是否基于证据、基于证据的类型及证据分级范围进行分析。结果 共纳入12篇脑卒中康复临床实践指南,其中中文1篇,英文11篇。制订国家包括美国(3篇)、英国(3篇)、加拿大(3篇)、澳大利亚(2篇)和中国(1篇),发表时间为2005年9月至2019年2月。脑卒中康复临床实践指南中质量评价采用指南研究与评价(AGREE)的有3篇(25.0%),分级系统采用GRADE的有2篇(16.7%)。指南推荐意见内容涉及领域有:认知功能障碍4个维度,推荐最多为认知功能的评估(7篇,66.7%);言语及吞咽功能障碍5个维度,推荐最多为吞咽相关并发症(10篇,83.3%);运动功能障碍6个维度,推荐最多为对痉挛的治疗(10篇,83.3%);心理及行为功能障碍4个维度,推荐最多为评估(6篇,50.0%)。4个领域推荐意见中基于的证据类型不一,多为观察性研究和/或随机对照试验。结论 推荐意见基于的证据类型和推荐强度分级不尽相同。建议脑卒中康复临床实践指南制订应该参照世界卫生组织指南制订手册的方法和流程规范推荐意见的撰写,提高康复指南的整体质量和可实施性,并进一步提高康复的质量和安全性。
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Dysphagia, or difficulty in swallowing, is a condition with a strong age-related bias. Rates of dysphagia vary due to differences in method between studies; eg, clinical history of "swallowing difficulty," evidence of aspiration, or dysphagia confirmed by swallowing investigations. In general, the rate is lower in the community than in nursing home facilities. The management and treatment of dysphagia among geriatric patients is complicated by cognitive decline, lowered immunity, malnutrition, and end-of-life decisions. This article reviews the current assessment, treatment, and management techniques for dysphagia; covers new developments in research and pilot studies; and reviews the ethical issues related to treatment when prognosis is poor.
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The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of urinary catheter removal at 7:00 a.m. with removal at 10:00 p.m. on (a) the length of time to first void after catheter removal, (b) the amount of the first void, (c) post-void-residual urine, and (d) the number of subjects requiring re-catheterization.A randomized, comparative design was used. Stroke patients, over the age of 18 years, admitted to a stroke unit, were approached about study participation. Forty-five subjects were enrolled: 26 in Group A (10:00 p.m. removal) and 19 in Group B (7:00 a.m. removal). Groups were compared using t-tests and Chi-square.No significant differences were identified between the two groups with regard to time to void, volume of first void, post-void residual urine, or the number of subjects requiring recatheterization.
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To investigate the prevalence of isolated urinary and fecal incontinence and double incontinence in community-living stroke survivors and to assess the degree of soiling.Community-based postal survey.Leicestershire, United Kingdom.Sixty-four thousand seven hundred forty-nine community-dwelling residents (aged > or = 40) were randomly selected from the Leicestershire Health Authority register. Residents living in institutional settings were excluded.Respondents were asked about previous stroke, urinary and bowel symptoms, and general health and demographic details including age, sex, and ethnicity. Urinary incontinence was defined as leakage several times a month or more often. Major fecal incontinence was defined as soiling of underwear, outer clothing, furnishings, or bedding several times a month or more often.A 65% response rate to the postal survey was obtained, with the return of 39,519 eligible questionnaires; 4% (n = 1,483) reported stroke. Five percent of stroke survivors reported major fecal incontinence, with 4.3% reporting fecal and urinary incontinence and 0.8% reporting isolated fecal incontinence. Major fecal incontinence was four and a half times as prevalent in stroke survivors as in the nonstroke population, and stroke survivors were also twice as likely to report soiling of furnishings or bedding. Functional limitations influence the presence of fecal incontinence in the stroke and nonstroke population.Fecal incontinence is common in stroke survivors, and the degree of soiling can be considerable. Future research needs to explore the effect fecal incontinence can have on the lives of stroke survivors and on how it can best be managed in those living in the community.
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